CLINICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NEONATAL ASPHYXIA: DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND OUTCOMES

Abstract

Neonatal asphyxia is a serious clinical condition characterized by impaired gas exchange occurring before, during, or immediately after birth, leading to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and metabolic acidosis. Despite advances in perinatal and neonatal care, neonatal asphyxia remains a significant contributor to neonatal mortality and long-term neurological morbidity worldwide. The complexity of its pathophysiology, the absence of a single diagnostic gold standard, and variability in clinical presentation pose ongoing challenges for clinicians. This article reviews the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and current strategies for clinical management of neonatal asphyxia, with an emphasis on early intervention, supportive care, and outcome prediction.