ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Abstract

Abstract. This article provides a scientific analysis of the structural design, operating principles, energy efficiency, environmental advantages, and applications of electric and hybrid vehicles in modern transport systems. The study examines the effectiveness of electric motors, lithium-ion battery systems, regenerative braking technology, and intelligent control systems. It also evaluates the role of electric and hybrid vehicles in reducing carbon emissions, optimizing fuel consumption, and lowering operational costs. The results indicate that electric vehicles have a higher efficiency compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and play a significant role in improving the environmental sustainability of transport systems. Furthermore, the development of charging infrastructure, improvement of battery technologies, and integration with renewable energy sources have been identified as key future directions for the advancement of electric mobility.